Bible Study About Doubt: Believers Faith and Uncertainty

Have you ever found yourself wrestling with doubt? If so, you’re in good company. Even some of the Bible’s greatest heroes experienced moments of uncertainty in their journey of faith.

Doubt is a common struggle – and the Bible shows this reality clearly. In this friendly and honest study, we’ll explore what “doubt” means in Scripture, how it appears in both the Old and New Testaments, and how God responds to our wavering hearts.

Along the way, we’ll dig into key Hebrew and Greek terms (yes, even in a KJV-focused study!), examine biblical examples of doubt, and discover encouraging lessons for anyone who has ever prayed, “Lord, I believe; help thou mine unbelief.”

Let's journey through the Bible together and see what we can learn about doubt, faith, and God's faithfulness.

Understanding “Doubt” in Scripture

In everyday language, doubt means feeling uncertain or lacking confidence about something. We might doubt a decision or question if something is really true.

In the Bible, the concept of doubt similarly involves a state of uncertainty or wavering – especially when it comes to trusting God.

However, Scripture usually views doubt not as an intellectual virtue but as a weakness in faith​.

Unlike healthy skepticism that drives us to seek truth, biblical “doubt” often connotes a lack of trust in God or His word.

To be clear, having questions or struggles isn’t always wrong.

There are instances where questioning can lead us to deeper understanding (for example, the Bereans examined the Scriptures carefully rather than blindly accepting everything – see Acts 17:11).

But when the Bible talks about doubt, it typically refers to a believer wavering in confidence toward God’s promises.

In other words, doubt is usually the opposite of firm faith.

As one theologian put it, doubt in Scripture is often “a state of qualified faith” – faith that is weak or mixed with fear​. The person still has some faith, but it’s shaky.

Throughout God’s Word, doubt is something to overcome, not to embrace.

It first appears in the Garden of Eden when the serpent’s sly question “Yea, hath God said...?” planted seeds of distrust in Eve’s mind (Genesis 3:1).

Since then, doubt has been a common hurdle in our relationship with God.

Thankfully, the Bible doesn’t shy away from this topic. It honestly portrays people wrestling with uncertainty – and shows how God remains faithful, inviting us to move from doubt to trust.

Doubt in the Old Testament: Faltering Trust in God

The Old Testament doesn’t use the word “doubt” very often – in fact, the KJV translators only use doubt a handful of times in the entire Old Testament.

And in those few cases, it usually means something else (like “without doubt” meaning certainly, or “doubts” meaning mysteries to be solved​).

There isn’t even a specific Hebrew word that exactly translates to our English “doubt”​. Instead, Hebrew expresses the idea of doubt through descriptions of fear, unbelief, or “not trusting” God.

Despite the rare use of the term, the concept of doubt is very much present in Old Testament stories. Time and again, people struggled to believe God’s promises or power:

Adam and Eve (Genesis 3):

Humanity’s first sin began with doubting God’s word. The serpent’s question made Eve wonder if God was withholding something good. That seed of doubt led to disobedience – a pattern that would repeat throughout history​.

Abraham and Sarah:

When God promised them a son in their old age, both Abraham and Sarah had moments of laughter and disbelief (Genesis 17:17, 18:12).

It just seemed too impossible! But God gently corrected their doubt (“Is anything too hard for the Lord?”) and later fulfilled the promise.

Their initial wavering gave way to joy when Isaac was born. Over time, Abraham’s faith grew strong – he “staggered not” at God’s promise through unbelief​, learning to trust God completely.

Moses:

Even Moses, the great leader, doubted at first. When God spoke from the burning bush, Moses hesitated, protesting that he was not eloquent enough to confront Pharaoh.

God patiently provided signs and even Aaron as a spokesman (Exodus 4:10-17).

Years later, in the wilderness, Moses momentarily failed to trust God’s instruction (striking the rock in anger rather than speaking to bring water – Numbers 20:7-12).

Because of that lapse of faith, he missed entering the Promised Land. His story shows that even a godly person can stumble in doubt and face consequences.

The Israelites in the Wilderness:

The generation that escaped Egypt constantly oscillated between faith and doubt.

• Though they saw God split the Red Sea and provide manna from heaven, they still fretted that God might let them die of thirst or hunger (Exodus 16-17).
• When Moses delayed on Mount Sinai, they doubted if God was still with them and built a golden calf.
• Perhaps the most heartbreaking example is at the border of Canaan: after hearing the spies’ report, Israel refused to believe God could give them victory.
• Ten of the twelve spies declared the enemy too strong, and the people’s confidence melted away. They wept all night, convinced they were doomed (Numbers 13–14).
• Because they doubted God’s promise, that whole generation (except faithful Joshua and Caleb) was sentenced to wander 40 years and die in the desert.
• As Hebrews reminds us, they could not enter God’s rest “because of unbelief” (Hebrews 3:19).

In short, “the children of Israel were disqualified in the wilderness because of unbelief”​. God’s miraculous provision was with them daily, yet their hearts kept wavering. This stands as a sober warning.

Gideon:

When God called Gideon to deliver Israel from Midian, Gideon was plagued with doubt and insecurity.

• He asked God for repeated signs – laying out fleeces to confirm that God really meant what He said (Judges 6:36-40).

Amazingly, God did confirm His word twice without anger. With his faith bolstered, Gideon went on to win a great victory with just 300 men.

His story shows how God can work with us even in our hesitations, giving reassurance to move us from doubt to faith.

Elijah:

After a triumph over the false prophets of Baal, the prophet Elijah fell into despair and doubt.

• Queen Jezebel’s death threat sent him running into the wilderness, where he begged God to take his life (1 Kings 19:4).

Elijah felt utterly alone and unsure of God’s plan at that moment. But the Lord met him gently – with a whisper rather than a loud sign – to renew Elijah’s confidence and send him back to continue his mission.

Others:

Many Psalms record struggles with doubt or questions about God’s fairness.

• For instance, Psalm 73 (attributed to Asaph) candidly admits nearly slipping into doubt when the wicked seemed to prosper while the righteous suffered.
• Jeremiah, the “weeping prophet,” had episodes of deep discouragement where he even questioned why God had called him (Jeremiah 20:7-9).

And yet, each of these individuals ultimately held onto faith, and God brought them through the valley of doubt.

Old Testament Pattern:

Often, doubt arose in times of waiting, hardship, or wilderness experiences. When circumstances looked bleak or God’s promise seemed delayed, people were tempted to lose heart.

Yet conversely, some of the greatest deliverances came right on the heels of doubt. Abraham and Sarah doubted, then Isaac was miraculously born. Israel despaired at the Red Sea, then God opened a way. Elijah doubted under the broom tree, then God sent help.

It’s a pattern we see repeatedly: human faith falters, but God remains faithful. He may discipline persistent unbelief (as with that wilderness generation), but He also shows incredible patience and grace to those struggling.

As a loving Father, He meets His people in their doubt – sometimes with a gentle rebuke, sometimes with a reassuring sign – always with the intention of drawing them back to trust.

Doubt in the New Testament: “O Ye of Little Faith”

In the New Testament, the theme of doubt becomes very direct. The KJV uses “doubt,” “doubted,” or “doubtful” numerous times, often in the context of faith versus unbelief. The Greek language has several distinct words that the KJV translates as doubt, each shedding light on different shades of uncertainty​:

• Aporeō – meaning “to be perplexed, at a loss.” For example, when Jesus announced that one of the disciples would betray Him, the others “doubted” (were at a loss) about whom He meant (John 13:22). This isn’t willful unbelief, but confusion.
• Diaporeō – “to be thoroughly perplexed.” This appears when people witnessed something astonishing and didn’t know what to make of it. After the Holy Spirit was poured out at Pentecost, the crowd “were all in doubt” about what it could mean (Acts 2:12, KJV), essentially scratching their heads in wonder.
• Meteorizō – literally “to lift up in mid-air” – used metaphorically for suspense or anxious worry. Jesus warns, “Neither be ye of doubtful mind” (Luke 12:29 KJV), using this term to describe a soul suspended between hope and fear. In context, He’s telling us not to anxiously hover in worry about our needs.
• (Aírō psuchē) – a phrase meaning “to lift up the soul,” similar to meteorizō. In John 10:24, people ask Jesus, “How long dost thou make us to doubt?” – literally “keep us in suspense.” They were impatient for a clear answer.
• Dialogismos – “arguments, internal debates.” Paul uses this word when he cautions believers not to get into “doubtful disputations” (Romans 14:1) over opinions. And he urges men to pray “without wrath and doubting” (1 Timothy 2:8) – i.e. without quarrels or doubting thoughts. This kind of doubt is an unsettled mind that over-thinks and second-guesses, never arriving at a firm conclusion.
• Diakrino – “to waver, hesitate, or judge between two things.” This is the word Jesus used when He said, “If ye have faith, and doubt not… it shall be done” (Matthew 21:21). James also uses it: we must “ask in faith, nothing wavering (diakrino)” because the one who doubts is like a wave tossed in the sea (James 1:6). This kind of doubt directly opposes firm faith​. It’s being double-minded – trying to trust God and yet holding back in uncertainty.
• Distazō – “to hesitate” or “doubt” in the sense of having a divided mind. When Peter walked on water toward Jesus, he became afraid of the wind and began sinking; Jesus caught him and said, “O thou of little faith, why didst thou doubt (distazō)?” (Matthew 14:31). Peter had some faith (he started out well) but it was undermined by fear. Similarly, after Jesus’ resurrection, some disciples initially “doubted” (Matthew 28:17) even while others worshiped – perhaps an overwhelmed hesitation to believe their eyes.

We see that “doubt” in the New Testament can range from simple confusion, to anxious worry, to intellectual skepticism, to outright wavering in trust. Sometimes it’s a momentary hesitation in someone who actually has faith (like Peter or those disciples), other times it describes a lack of faith entirely.

The Greek word “apistia” is often translated “unbelief,” referring to a settled refusal to believe or persistent faithlessness. For instance, Jesus could do few miracles in Nazareth “because of their unbelief” (Matthew 13:58).

Unbelief is a heart closed off to trust, whereas doubt is often a struggle within faith – what one writer calls “faith seeking understanding” amid uncertainty, or faith that is real but very weak​.

Jesus’ Response to Doubt

Throughout the Gospels, Jesus consistently encouraged faith and confronted doubt. Yet He was also compassionate toward those of “little faith.” Consider a few examples:

Peter in the storm:

As mentioned, Peter’s bold faith faltered when he saw the waves (Matthew 14:25-31). Jesus didn’t let him drown; He grabbed Peter first, then gently chided, “Why did you doubt?” showing that Peter could have trusted farther. It was a teaching moment more than a condemnation.

“Doubting Thomas”:

The apostle Thomas is infamous for demanding proof of Jesus’ resurrection. When Jesus appeared to him, He offered Thomas the evidence of His wounds.

“Be not faithless, but believing,” Jesus said (John 20:27). Thomas responded with a grand confession of faith (“My Lord and my God!”).

Jesus then pronounced a blessing on those who believe without seeing. Thomas’s story shows that Jesus can meet us in our skepticism – but He calls us forward to a fuller faith.

The anxious father:

In Mark 9:17-27, a father brought his tormented son to Jesus’ disciples, and they couldn’t heal him.

When Jesus arrived, the man pleaded, “If Thou canst do anything, have compassion on us.” Jesus replied, “If thou canst believe, all things are possible to him that believeth.” The poor father burst out in tears, “Lord, I believe; help thou mine unbelief!” (Mark 9:24).

With that, Jesus delivered the boy. Here we see that God honors even a mustard seed of faith – this man believed enough to ask Jesus, yet honestly admitted his doubt.

Jesus did not turn him away. Instead, He answered the prayer to help his unbelief! This is a beautiful example of how we can bring our doubts directly to the Lord.

John the Baptist:

Even John, who had boldly proclaimed Jesus as the Lamb of God, experienced a lapse of certainty while imprisoned.

He sent disciples to ask Jesus, “Art thou he that should come, or do we look for another?” (Matthew 11:3).

Rather than scold John, Jesus sent back evidence: the blind see, the lame walk, lepers are cleansed – in fulfillment of prophecy. In fact, Jesus then praised John to the crowd.

This shows us that sincere questions from a discouraged heart will find gracious answers.

Various “O Ye of Little Faith” moments:

Jesus often used this phrase with His own disciples. When they panicked in a storm He asked, “Why are ye fearful, O ye of little faith?” then calmed the wind (Matthew 8:26).

When they worried about having no bread, He said, “O ye of little faith, do ye not remember?” (Matthew 16:8-9). And in teaching about God’s provision: “If God so clothes the grass... shall He not much more clothe you, O ye of little faith?” (Matthew 6:30).

In all these cases, Jesus was training His followers to trust the Father’s care, even when circumstances looked dire. He didn’t cast them off for their worries, but neither did He pretend that their doubt was okay. He invited them to grow in faith.

Instruction for Believers: Trusting God through Doubts

The New Testament writers build on Jesus’ teachings, giving clear instruction to Christians on dealing with doubt:

“Ask in faith, nothing wavering” (James 1:5-8):

James famously warns that the one who prays with doubt is like a wind-tossed wave, unstable in all his ways. If we don’t trust God, we shouldn’t expect to receive what we ask for.

This isn’t meant to be harsh but to urge us toward a wholehearted, single-minded faith. God is generous to answer prayers, but we must take Him at His word.

James also uses the term “double-minded” (literally “two-souled”) to describe a person divided between God and the world, or between belief and skepticism. Such indecision undermines our walk with God.

Guard against an “evil heart of unbelief” (Hebrews 3:12):

Believers are warned by the example of Israel’s wilderness unbelief. Hebrews 3:12 says, “Take heed, brethren, lest there be in any of you an evil heart of unbelief, in departing from the living God.”

Persistent doubt that leads one to turn away from God is spiritually dangerous. Instead, we’re told to encourage one another daily to keep trusting God (Hebrews 3:13).

Build faith through God’s Word and remembrance:

Faith comes by hearing the Word of God (Romans 10:17). When plagued by doubt, Christians are counseled to return to Scripture, remembering God’s faithfulness in the past.

2 Timothy 2:13 reminds us that even “if we believe not, yet He abideth faithful.” Filling our minds with truth counteracts the lies that fuel doubt.

Pray honestly and seek God’s help:

The Bible invites us to pray through our doubts, just as the anxious father did. We can echo his prayer, “Help my unbelief,” and trust that God will help strengthen our faith.

Jude 1:22 even urges believers to show mercy to those who doubt, indicating that the church should gently support people who are wrestling with questions.

Stand on God’s promises:

Christians are encouraged to take God at His promises and not waver. For example, after Jesus rose, He gave the Great Commission to disciples who were worshiping Him – and yet some doubted (Matthew 28:17-20).

In that moment, Jesus still entrusted them with the gospel mission and promised, “I am with you always.” The remedy to their doubt was His authority and presence.

Likewise, we combat our doubts by leaning into God’s character and promises. “Trust in the LORD with all thine heart; and lean not unto thine own understanding” (Proverbs 3:5) is as applicable now as ever.

In sum, the New Testament acknowledges that even earnest believers might struggle with doubt, but it gives us tools to overcome it – through prayer, Scripture, remembering God’s works, mutual encouragement, and above all, looking to Jesus.

Imagery and Patterns: Waves, Wilderness, and Other Lessons

The Bible paints vivid pictures to help us understand the effects of doubt versus faith.

• James gives us one of the most striking metaphors: “He that wavereth is like a wave of the sea driven with the wind and tossed” (James 1:6).

Anyone who has watched ocean waves in a storm can feel the force of this image – doubt makes us unstable, restless, and at the mercy of external circumstances.

In contrast, faith anchors us. Similarly, James calls the doubter “a double minded man” (James 1:8), literally two-souled, as if torn between trusting God and relying on self. Such a person is “unstable in all his ways,” until he settles on trusting God wholeheartedly.

• Jesus uses a different image: a mountain being cast into the sea. He told his disciples that with faith and no doubt, they could command a mountain to move (Mark 11:23).

This dramatic hyperbole shows the immense potential of even little faith and the hindering effect of doubt.

The mountain represents an insurmountable problem – Jesus assures us that if we truly trust God, nothing is impossible according to His will. But when we let doubt take over, it’s like putting the brakes on what God would do through us.

Another powerful biblical motif is the wilderness. As we saw with Israel’s 40-year desert wanderings, the wilderness became synonymous with testing – and the danger of unbelief.

That generation’s doubt turned an eleven-day journey into four decades of aimlessness. In a spiritual sense, believers sometimes speak of a “wilderness of doubt.”

When we stop trusting God, we can feel stuck and directionless, just like Israel wandering in circles. Yet, the wilderness is also where God provided manna, water from a rock, and guiding pillars of cloud and fire.

He was present even as they doubted. The lesson? God remains faithful in our dry seasons, patiently waiting for us to trust Him so He can lead us into the Promised Land of His blessings.

We can also notice a merciful pattern: doubt often precedes a deeper revelation of God’s power. Over and over, Scripture shows that on the other side of honest doubts, God often opens eyes to something wonderful:

• Abraham and Sarah laughed in doubt, then experienced the miraculous birth of Isaac.
• Moses despaired at the Red Sea, then the waters parted.
• Gideon feared, then God gave a sign and victory.
• Thomas doubted, then saw the risen Christ in glory.
• The disciples cowered in confusion after the crucifixion, then encountered the reality of the Resurrection.

It’s as if God takes our moments of doubt and, when we stick with Him, turns them into moments of clearer faith.

The pattern is not to encourage doubting, but to encourage seekers: those who earnestly seek God, even with questions, will find that God can handle their doubts and reveal more of Himself in His perfect timing.

Throughout these images and patterns, the message is consistent: faith leads to stability, peace, and blessing, while persistent doubt leads to instability, fear, and missed blessings. Yet even so, God’s grace is such that He can use a crisis of doubt to build a stronger, more resilient faith in the end.

From Old to New: Promise, Fulfillment, and the End of Doubt

One beautiful thread through the Bible is how the New Testament fulfills what the Old Testament foreshadowed – and this has implications for doubt and faith.

Many of the things that Old Testament people struggled to believe were ultimately fulfilled in Christ. God’s promises, once distant, became concrete in Jesus:

God promised Abraham countless descendants and a blessing for all nations through his seed.

Abraham saw Isaac’s birth as a down payment, but the full promise came to fruition in Jesus Christ – Abraham’s greater offspring – through whom believers of all nations are blessed.

• Jesus said Abraham “rejoiced to see my day; and he saw it, and was glad” (John 8:56). What was blurry in the Old Testament became clear in the New.
• In Christ, every promise of God is “Yes and Amen” (2 Corinthians 1:20), giving us a solid foundation for faith.

The Israelites often doubted God’s presence and provision, yet the New Testament opens with the announcement of Jesus as Emmanuel, “God with us.”

• In the wilderness they wondered, “Is the Lord among us or not?” (Exodus 17:7).

In Jesus, the Lord literally walked among us. And after He ascended, He sent the Holy Spirit to indwell believers, ensuring God is truly with us always. Knowing this should encourage us not to doubt His care.

Moses and Israel received bread from heaven (manna) but still questioned God.

Jesus came declaring, “I am the bread of life” (John 6:35) – the true provision that satisfies forever. He is also the living water (John 7:37-39).

God’s ultimate answer to our doubts is not just a thing or event, but a Person. All our needs and questions find their answer in Christ.

The Old Testament gives prophecies that must have seemed unbelievable at first...

• a virgin conceiving (Isaiah 7:14)
• a suffering Messiah who would bear our sins (Isaiah 53)
• Gentiles joining God’s people (Isaiah 49:6).

People surely wondered how or if God would do these things. Then the New Testament records their fulfillment. Mary did conceive Christ by the Holy Spirit. Jesus did suffer, die, and rise exactly as foretold.

The gospel did break out to the Gentiles. Each fulfilled prophecy is like God saying: “You can trust Me. I do what I say.” Fulfillment fuels faith and leaves us “without excuse” for doubt.

In the Old Testament, we see many “types” or figures who in some way foreshadow Jesus – yet each of them fell short.

For example, Jonah doubted God’s compassion on Nineveh and fled, whereas Jesus perfectly demonstrated God’s love by coming to save even those who rejected Him.

Moses lifted up a bronze serpent in the desert so that the people could look and be healed, but many still didn’t believe; Jesus was lifted up on the cross to heal us from sin, and now “whosoever believeth in Him” will have eternal life (John 3:14-15).

Where the greatest prophets and heroes showed flaws or doubts, Jesus is the flawless fulfillment. He trusted the Father perfectly, succeeding where others failed. In doing so, He proved utterly worthy of our trust.

Finally, the New Testament also looks ahead to a time when doubt will vanish entirely. Now we “walk by faith, not by sight” (2 Corinthians 5:7).

We sometimes echo the cry, “How long, O Lord?” as we face trials and wait for promises (cf. Revelation 6:10).

But because of Jesus’ first coming, we have a strong hope that He will come again and set all things right. When He does, faith will become sight. Thomas, upon seeing the risen Christ, proclaimed, “My Lord and my God!” – a doubter transformed into a worshiper.

One day we too will see Him face to face. All our questions will be answered in the light of His glory. In that day, every lingering doubt will dissolve, for we will fully know even as we are fully known (1 Corinthians 13:12).

This grand story from Genesis to Revelation teaches us that God is faithful from beginning to end. The call for us is to trust Him, even when we don’t yet see the outcome.

He has given ample evidence of His trustworthiness – supremely through Jesus. Our doubts and questions find their ultimate resolution in the person and work of Christ.

Conclusion: From Doubt to Deeper Faith

Doubt is something every believer faces at one time or another. The Bible doesn’t hide this fact or shame us for it – instead, it invites us to bring our doubts into the light of God’s truth.

We’ve seen that doubt in Scripture can take many forms, from momentary confusion to serious spiritual wavering. We’ve also seen that God is incredibly merciful toward the doubting heart that still turns to Him.

“Blessed are they that have not seen, and yet have believed,” Jesus said (John 20:29). There is a special blessing in trusting God even when we can’t see the whole picture.

If you struggle with doubt, take encouragement from the examples we’ve explored. You’re walking a path trodden by Abraham, Moses, David, the disciples – even great figures had their questions and weak moments. But they didn’t stay in their doubt.

As they chose to trust God step by step, their faith grew. In the same way, your questions and uncertainties can become a springboard to a stronger, more personal faith. Like the desperate father who cried “help my unbelief,” you can ask God for help – and He will surely provide it.

Remember that God never changes, even when our feelings do. When you feel the winds of doubt tossing you, cling to what you know of God’s character. Recall how He has led you in the past.

Dive into His promises in Scripture. Talk with fellow believers who can encourage you (sometimes an outside perspective helps us see beyond our fears).

And above all, look to Jesus – the author and finisher of our faith. He reached out to sinking Peter; He welcomed Thomas’s inquiry; He restored discouraged Elijah; He patiently taught His “little-faith” disciples. Jesus hasn’t changed.

In this journey from doubt to deeper faith, honesty is key. Instead of suppressing your doubts, bring them honestly to God. He can handle our tough questions – and often, the very process of seeking Him for answers draws us closer to Him.

James 4:8 promises, “Draw nigh to God, and He will draw nigh to you.” Doubt can either drive us away from God or drive us to press in harder. Choose the latter.

Finally, a warning and a promise. The warning: if we give in to doubt and refuse to trust God at all, we risk a hardened heart and missing out on what He has for us (just as that first wilderness generation missed the Promised Land).

The promise: if we hold on to faith – even a trembling, mustard-seed faith – we will see God’s goodness. Jesus assured us that even faith as small as a mustard seed can move mountains.

He said to Martha, “Did I not tell you that if you believe, you will see the glory of God?” (John 11:40). God honors those who trust Him.

Take heart: your doubts today can become testimonies tomorrow. The Lord can turn your “Why, Lord?” into a deeper understanding of who He is.

As you continue to walk with Him, you’ll likely look back and say, like the psalmist, “This is my comfort in my affliction: for thy word hath quickened me” (Psalm 119:50). In other words, God’s truth gave me life when I was down.

May we all learn to echo the cry, “Lord, I believe – help my unbelief,” with confidence that He will indeed help us.

In the end, our faith doesn’t rest on how strongly we can feel or figure everything out; it rests on the faithful One who has promised “I will never leave thee, nor forsake thee.” And that promise can carry us through every doubt into a place of steady trust.

References

• biblestudytools.com​biblestudytools.com Baker’s Evangelical Dictionary of Biblical Theology – Entry on “Doubt” (Walter A. Elwell ed., 1996).
• biblestudytools.com​internationalstandardbible.com International Standard Bible Encyclopedia – “Doubt” (1915), explains biblical usage in O.T. and N.T.
• skipmoen.com Skip Moen, “Unholy Rollers” (Hebrew Word Study, 2010) – notes there is no direct word for “doubt” in Biblical Hebrew.
• marbaniang.wordpress.com​marbaniang.wordpress.com​marbaniang.wordpress.com​marbaniang.wordpress.com Domenic Marbaniang, “The Meaning of Doubt in the Bible” (2009) – detailed study of Greek terms for doubt and their nuances in the New Testament.
• olivetreeconnections.com​olivetreeconnections.com Karen Johnson, “The Wilderness of Doubt & Unbelief” (Olive Tree Connections blog, 2021) – discusses Israel’s unbelief in the desert as a cautionary example.